Assessment of Soybean Meal as Dietary Fishmeal Replacement in Red Sea Bream (Pagrus Major) Juveniles Based on Energy Budget Analysis

Ophirtus Sumule; Agung Sudaryono; Manabu Ishikawa; Shunsuke Koshio

doi:10.21534/ai.v18i1.78

Assessment of Soybean Meal as Dietary Fishmeal Replacement in Red Sea Bream (Pagrus Major) Juveniles Based on Energy Budget Analysis

Ophirtus Sumule, Agung Sudaryono, Manabu Ishikawa, Shunsuke Koshio

Abstract

The effects of soybean meal (SBM) on the energy budget of red sea bream Pagrus major juveniles (3.2 g initial wet weight) were determined by supplementing SBM in the diet at 0% (control diet), 16%, 24%, 32% and 39%, with the fishmeal content correspondingly reduced from 55% to 29%. Diets were made isoenergetic and isonitrogenous by changing the lipid and carbohydrate levels. Fish were fed to apparent satiation for 30 days in duplicates per diet (20 fish per replicate). Ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption were continuously measured during the growth trial, whereas digestibility after the termination of growth trial. Feed intake, body weight gain, and specific growth rate of fish increased to a peak at 24% SBM level, which again decreased as the SBM level was further increased. The apparent digestibility of energy was similar in all dietary treatments, while the digestible of dry matter increased with the SBM level. A lower proportion of energy intake as growth at 39% SBM level was attributed to the higher energy intake channeled to fecal ammonia. This study suggested that the inclusion level of SBM in diets for red sea bream juveniles should be is optimal at the inclusion range 24–32%, thus correspondingly replacing the fishmeal content by 24–32%.

Keywords

Soybean meal (SBM); Feed intake; Growth; Ammonia excretion; Metabolic rate; Red sea bream Pagrus major juvenile

Full Text:

Fulltext

References

Akimoto, A. 1994. Improvement of nutritive value of alternative proteins by extrusion processing. Pages 45-53 in T. Watanabe (Ed.), Use of Alternative Protein Sources in Aquaculture. Kouseisha-Kouseikaku, Tokyo, Japan (in Japanese)

AOAC (Association of the Official Analytical Chemists). 1990. Official methods of analysis, 15th edition. Association of the Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, Virginia, USA.

Aoki, H., T. Watanabe, H. Tsuda, and H. Sakamoto. 1996. Use of defatted soybean meal as substitute protein source for fish meal in a newly developed high energy diet for red sea bream. Suisanzoshoku. 44, 345-351.

Aoki, H., M. Furuichi, K.Watanabe, S. Satoh, Y. Yamagata, and T. Watanabe. 1999. Use of low or non-fish meal diets for red sea bream. Suisanzoshoku. 48, 65-72.

Arndt, R.E.R., H. Hardy, S.H. Sugiura, and F.M. Dong. 1999. Effect of heat increment and substitution level on palatability and nutritional value of soy defatted flour in feeds for Coho Salmon, Oncorhyncus kisutch. Aquaculture. 180, 129-145

Brafield, A.E. 1985. Laboratory studies of energy budget. In : Tytler,T., Calow,P (Eds), Fish energetics new perspectives. Croom Helm, London and Sydney, pp : 257-282

Bligh, E.G. and W.J. Dyer. 1959. A rapid method of total lipid extraction and purification. Com. Bio. Phys, 37, 911-917.

Bi, N., F. Wang, X. Zhao, and H. Li. 1998. The oxygen consumption and energy metabolism of Crysophyrus major. J. Shasnghai-Fish.Univ., 7, 154 – 158.

Bjorck, J. and N.G. Asp. 1983. The effects of extrusion cooking on nutritional value –a literature review. J. Food. Eng., 2, 281-308

Bret, J. R. and T.D.D. Groves. 1979. Physiological energetics. In : Hoar, W.S., D. J. Randall, D.J., Brett,J.R (Eds). Fish fisiology. Academic Press, New York, pp: 280-352.

Carter, C., D. Houlihan, A. Kieasling, F. Medale, and M. Jobling. Physiological effects of feeding. In : Houlihan, D., Boujard,

T.,Jobling, M (Eds), Food intake in fish. Blackwell Science, London, pp : 297-319

Cho, C.Y. and S.J. Kaushik. 1985. Effec of protein intake on metabolizable and net energy values of fish diets. In : Cowey, C.B., Mackie, A.M., Bell, J.G. (Eds), Nutrition and feeding in fish. Academic Press, London, pp: 95-117

De Silva,S.S. and T.A. Anderson. 1995. Fish Nutrition in aquaculture. Chapman & Hall, London.

Elliot, J. and W. Davison. 1975. Energy equivalent of oxygen consumption in animal energetics. Oecologia, 19, 195-201

Furukawa, A. and H. Tsukahara. 1966. On the acid digestion method for determination of chromic oxide as an index substance in the study of digestibility of fish feed. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Scie. Fish. 32, 502-506.

Gallagher, M. L. 1984. The use of soybean meal as a replacement for fish meal in diets for hybrid striped bass (Marone saxatilis x M. crypsos). Aquaculture.126, 119-127.

Hertampf, J.W. and Pascual, F.P. 2000. Handbook on ingredients for aquaculture feeds. Kluwer Academic Press, Netherlands

Jobling, M. 1985. Growth. In : Tytler, P., Calow, P (Eds), Fish energetics new perspectives. Croom Helm, London, pp : 213-230

Jobling, M. 1994. Fish bioenergetic. Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London, pp : 93-205

Koshio, S. 1985. The effects of eyestalk ablation, diets and environmental factors on growth, survival, and energy utlization of juvenile American Lobster, Homarus americanus, as applied to aquaculture. Ph.D Thesis. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Kikuchi, K. 1999. Use of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fishmeal in diets of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Aquaculture. 199, 179:3-11

Kaushik, S.J., J.P. Cravedi, J.P. Lalles, J. Sumpter, B. Fauconneau, and M. Laroche. 1995. Partial or total replacement of fishmeal by soybean protein on growth, protein utilization, potential esterogenic effects, cholesterolemia and fles quality in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 133: 257-274

Kiorbe, T., F. Mohlenberg, and K. Hamburger. 1985. Bioenergetic of planctonic copepod Acartia tonsa : relation between feeding, egg production and repiration, and composition of specific dynamic action. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.26, 85-97

Knight, B. 1985. Energetics and fish farming. In : Tytler, P., Calow, P (Eds. ), Fish energetics New Perspectives. Croom Helm, London, pp: 309-340

Lovell, R.T. 1989. Nutrition and feeding of fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, USA.

Mustakas, G.C., W.J. Albrecht, J.E. Bookwalter, and W.F. McGhee. 1970. Extruder-processing to improve nutritional quality, flavor and keeping quality of full-fat soy flour. Food. Technol. 24, 102-108

Murai, T., H. Ogata, A. Villaneda, and T. Watanabe. 1989. Utilization of soy flour by fingerling rainbow trout having different body size. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 55, 1067-1073.

NRC (National Research Council). 1993. Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academic Press, Washington D.C.,USA.

Ohishi, K., K. Watanabe, M. Urishibata, K. Utsuno, K. Ikuta, K. Sugimoto, and Harada, H. 1994. Detection of soybean antigenicity and reduction by twin-screw extrusion. Jour. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 71, 1391-1396.

Ohishi, K., M. Sakabe, K. Watanabe, M. Urishibata, K. Ikuta, K. Sugimoto, and H. Harada. 1995. Evaluation of nutritive value of twin-screw extruded soybean meal with low antigenicity. Anim. Scie. Tech. 66, 720-724 (in Japanese).

Ohta, M. and T. Watanabe. 1996. Energy requirements for maintenance of body weight and activity, and for maximum growth in Rainbow Trout. Fish. Sci. 62, 737-744

Refstie, S., T. Storebakken, and A.J. Roem. 1998. Feed consumption and conversion in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with fish meal, extracted soybean meal or soybean meal with reduced content of oligosaccharides, trypsin inhibitors, lectins and soya antigens. Aquaculture. 162, 301-312.

Rumsey, G. I., A..K. Siwicki, D.P. Anderson, and P.R. Bowser. 1994. Effect of soybean protein on serological response, non-specific defense mechanisms, growth, and protein utilization in rainbow trout. Veterinary Immunology and Pathology. 41,323-339.

Saitoh, S., S. Koshio, H. Harada, K. Watanabe, T. Yoshida, S. Teshima, and M. Ishikawa. 2000. The effects of twin-extruded soybean meal on the performance of kuruma Shrimp, Penaeus japonicus, juveniles. Suisanzoshoku. 48, 649-655.

Supriyadi. M.A., M. Bintang, T. Takeuchi, L. Mokoginta, and T. Sutardi. 1999. Defatted soybean meal as an alternative source to substitute fishmeal in the feed of

giant gouramy Osphronaimus gouramy Lac. Suisanzoshoku, 47, 551-557.

Sakakura, Y., S. Koshio, Y. Iida, K. Tsukamoto, T. Kida, and J.H. Blom. 1998. Dietary vitamin C improves the quality of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) seedlings. Aquaculture. 161, 427-436.

Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons. 1972. A Practical hand book of sea water analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada.

Shimeno, S., H. Hosokawa, M. Kumon, T. Matsumoto, and M. Ukawa. 1992. Inclusion of deffatted soy bean meal in the diet for fingerling yellowtail. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 58, 1319-1326.

Steel, R.G.D., and Torrie, J.H. 1980 Principles and procedure of statistics : A biometric approach. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Sumule, O., S. Koshio, S. Teshima and M. Ishikawa. Effects of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA)-enrichment on energy budget of red sea bream (Pagrus major) larvae fed Artemia nauplii. J.Word. Aquacult (submited).

Takagi, S., H. Hosokawa, S. Shimeno, M. Maita, M. Ukawa, and S. Ueno. 1999. Utilization of soy protein concentrate in a diet for red sea bream, Pagrus major. Suisanzoshoku 47, 77-87.

Takii, K., K. Konishi, M. Ukawa, M. Nakamura, and M. Kumai. 1997. Influence of feeding on digestion and energy flow in tiger puffer and red sea bream. Fisheries sciences. 63, 355-360.

Takii, K., S. Akiyama, H. Maeda, M. Seoka, M. Nakamura, H. Kumai, M. Miki and M. Kurifuji. 2000. Energy budgets of red sea bream under various water salinities and rearing densities. Suizanshoshoku. 48, 632-636 (in Japanese).

Teshima, S., A. Kanazawa, and M. Yamashita. 1986. Dietary value of several proteins and supplemental amino acids for larvae of the prawn, Penaeus japonicus. Aquaculture. 51, 225-235.

Ukawa, M., K. Takii, M. Nakamura, and H. Kumai. 1994. Utilization of soybean meal for red sea bream diet. Suisanzoshoku. 42, 335-338.

Van den Ingh, T.S.G.A.M., J.J. Olli, A., and Kroghdahl, A. 1996. Alcohol-soluble components in soybean cause morphological change in the distal intestine of atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of fish deseases 19: 47-530

Viyakarn, V., T. Watanabe, H. Aoki, H. Tsuda, H. Sakamoto, N. Okamoto, N. Iso, S. Satoh, and T. Takeuchi. 1992. Use of soybean meal as substitute for fishmeal and newly developed soft-dry pellet for yellow tail. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 58, 1991-2000.

Watanabe, T., V. Viyakarn, H. Kimura, K. Ogawa, N. Okamoto, and N. Iso. 1992. Utilization of soybean meal as a protein source in newly developed soft-dry pellet for yellow tail. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 58, 1761-1773.

Watanabe,T., H. Aoki, K. Shimamoto, M. Hadzuma, M. Maita, Y. Yamagata, V. Kiron, and S. Satoh 1998. A trial to culture yellow tail with non-fishmeal diets. Fish. Sci. 64, 505-512.

Wilson, R.P. and W.E. Poe. 1985. Effects of feeding soybean meal with varying trypsin inhibitor activities on growth of fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture. 46, 19-25.

Yamamoto, T., A. Akimoto, S. Kishi, T. Unuma, and T. Akiyama. 1998. Apparent and true availabilities of amino acids from several protein sources for fingerling rainbow trout, common carp, and red sea bream. Fish.Sci. 64, 448-458.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21534/ai.v18i1.78